Negative inversion
Inversion after negative expressions
Use inversion to create emphasis after restrictive or negative expressions.
C1 — Advanced
Control complex grammar in formal and informal communication.
Cleft sentences
Cleft sentences for emphasis
Focus attention on a particular person, thing, reason or part of an event.
Mixed conditionals
Connecting past conditions and present results
Describe unreal situations whose condition and result belong to different time periods.
Past modal deduction
Degrees of certainty about past events
Express strong conclusions, impossibility and uncertainty about events in the past.
Participle clauses
Condensing information with participle clauses
Express time, reason, result or additional information without repeating the subject.
Nominalisation
Nominalisation in formal English
Transform processes and qualities into noun phrases for concise formal writing.
Ellipsis and substitution
Avoiding repetition with ellipsis and substitution
Omit or replace repeated information when the meaning remains clear.
Advanced relative clauses
Advanced relative and supplementary clauses
Add precise identifying or supplementary information with advanced relative structures.
Hedging and stance
Expressing cautious claims and academic stance
Present claims with an appropriate degree of certainty and avoid unsupported absolute statements.
Reporting verbs
Advanced patterns with reporting verbs
Report statements, recommendations, denials and warnings using the correct verb pattern.